Meet The Author

'Javier graduated as a lawyer a while ago. The aim of this blog is to accompany him on its path to develop himself in the competences on what a lawyer from the XXI Century is ought to have: Analytical skills, Ambition, Motivation to excel, etc. Each blog entry will be related to Law and Energy and will have an educational and analytical point of view on law, business and related topics.'

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Legal sector & Personal Branding

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By now, the revolutionary term "personal branding" has acquired international presence in the market and it is indeed directing how employees and companies understand each other on job-related themes such as how to improve employees skills; how to demonstrate it, what the company has to offer them to grow such abilities; which career benefits will the company provide them with in relation to their "brand" they are trying to accomplish...etc.

Now, in the legal sector, that is indeed taking place in the same way, but from a different perspective. Technical competences are by far more important than personal or growth behaviour. For new lawyers, how will we be conceiving such technical hindrance in our cv and yet cause a positively received reaction by recruiters and start growing our personal brand in the legal career is somewhat a mistery. What are you bringing to a technically well suited industry, that is not that technical excellence but still will be of huge value for them? What abilities and competences will bring attention to recruiters and stablish your market presence so as to be a valid candidate for their career programs?

It is a good starting point to reach the opinion of Jim Rohn, reputate and rich business man:

Take advantage of every opportunity to practice your communication skills so that when important occasions arise, you will have the gift, the style, the sharpness, the clarity, and the emotions to affect other people.

It is a matter of a fact that your personal brand should provide you with a set of strategic solutions that everyone else can implement with solvency, producing a positive and scarcity image of yourself, making others to see you as a necessity to them should they look to professionally and economically grow. There, you got it, they need your personal brand for their firm.

How to develop it?

A young lawyer must:

- Buld a professional image, including a CV with extracurricular activies relevant to the firm you are applying to, mainly volunteer work and assistance to legal events.

- Maximize a personal project, and have it clear, such can be to enter in x or y firm, and learn about its selecion process, and translate what are you learning from it to the person of human resources

- Address periods of change as opportunities to understand your role in the market and change and adapt to its requirements. Languages, additional courses, oral and writing skills, acquiring better negotiation skills...etc.

-Develop the ability to understand what makes you unique, and setting if such difference is what the firm is looking for. Prove it.

-Increase commercial awareness. 21st Century lawyers must not only excel on its legal knowledge but on interpersonal relationships, such as building strong networks and raising your relevance to the sector where you are working at.
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Blanqueo de capitales. Límites a la Confidencialidad del abogado. Lavado de dinero

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La Ley 10/2010, de prevención del blanqueo de capitales y de la financiación del terrorismo, impone una serie de obligaciones a los sujetos obligados al objeto de prevenir el blanqueo de capitales y la financiación del terrorismo.

A pesar de que el abogado se encuentra doblemente protegido y obligado por el secreto de confidencialidad conferido por el ordenamiento jurídico español, y más concretamente por el C.D. y el E.G.A, de acuerdo con el artículo 2.1.ñ de la citada Ley establece como sujetos obligados los abogados [...] cuando participen en la concepción, realización o asesoramiento de cierto tipo de operaciones (en concreto, operaciones por cuenta de clientes relativas a la compraventa de bienes inmuebles o entidades comerciales, gestión de fondos, valores u otros activos, apertura o gestión de cuentas corrientes, cuentas de ahorros o cuentas de valores, organización de las aportaciones necesarias para la creación, el funcionamiento o la gestión de empresas o la creación, el funcionamiento o la gestión de fideicomisos, sociedades o estructuras análogas, o cuando actúen por cuenta de clientes en cualquier operación financiera o inmobiliaria).

Sus obligaciones per se (art. 17 y ss) pueden resumirse en:

- obligaciones de diligencia debida (consistentes en la identificación y conocimiento del cliente);

- obligaciones de información (examen y comunicación por indicio al Servicio Ejecutivo de la Comisión de Prevención del Blanqueo de Capitales e Infracciones Monetarias de cualquier operación que resulte sospechosa a los ojos de la financiación ilegal, que deberá traer consigo la abstención de ejecución de servicios contratados, y la comunicación sistemática, junto con la prohibición de revelación al cliente de la comunicación realizada al CPBPEM y conservación de documentos); y además, los sujetos obligados establecerán, en el marco de las medidas de control interno a que se refiere el artículo 26, sistemas que les permitan responder de forma completa y diligente a las solicitudes de información que les curse la Comisión de Prevención del Blanqueo de Capitales e Infracciones Monetarias, sus órganos de apoyo u otras autoridades legalmente competentes sobre si mantienen o han mantenido a lo largo de los diez años anteriores relaciones de negocios con determinadas personas físicas o jurídicas y sobre la naturaleza de dichas relaciones; y

- obligaciones de control interno (adopción de políticas y procedimientos adecuados para dar un efectivo cumplimiento al resto de obligaciones). Entramos aquí en el area de compliance que numerosas empresas, bancos, servicios de inversión e incluso despachos están empezando a desarrollar para evitar sanciones tanto económicas como penales.

En ese sentido, el delito de blanqueo de capitales es un delito común que puede ser cometido por los abogados, tanto en el ejercicio de sus funciones como a título ndividual. Para el ejercicio de sus funciones, descritas por el artículo 2.1.ñ, cabe incluso la comisión imprudente, graduada por la Jurisprudencia.

La STS 25-02-02, Rec 2525/02 confirma la condena a un abogado quien, conociendo el origen ilícito de grandes cantidades de dinero colaboró activamente en la constitución de un entramado societario a fin de ocultar el origen de este dinero, llegando incluso a ser miembro y socio fundador de varias de estas sociedades pantalla. 

Por su parte, la STS 23-09-10 señala que si se produce una contribución activa a alguna de las conductas del CP art.301 ya sea con conocimiento de la finalidad perseguida por su cliente, o bien, con una desidia grave (una mínima cautela le hubiese advertido, máxime teniendo en cuenta sus deberes como sujeto obligado), podrá ser cooperador del delito de blanqueo que realice el cliente y responder por la modalidad imprudente. Esta sentencia condena a un asesor fiscal por un delito de blanqueo de capitales por imprudencia grave (CP art. 301.3) que sin participar en el tráfico de drogas, y a pesar de intuir que ese dinero procedía del tráfico de drogas, asesoró durante varios años a un narcotraficante en la construcción de un entramado financiero y societario, ayudándole así a ocultar la titularidad de ese patrimonio y darle una apariencia de legalidad.
  
Respecto a la la cuestión de si el abogado que en cobro de sus honorarios recibe de su cliente bienes que proceden de un delito, podría estar cometiendo por su parte un delito de blanqueo. Sin perjuicio de que en España no se cuenta con pronunciamientos jurisprudenciales determinantes al respecto, este asunto fue objeto de análisis por el Tribunal Constitucional alemán, en Sentencia de 30 de abril de 2004, sosteniendo que era necesario restringir el tipo delictivo de blanqueo en lo que se refiere a su elemento subjetivo, concluyendo el Tribunal que sólo puede ser castigado penalmente aquel abogado que acepte en pago de honorarios bienes de origen delictivo cuando tenga conocimiento de ello de forma cierta. 

En definitiva, el Tribunal Constitucional alemán presta especial atención a la protección del derecho de defensa y de la libertad de elección de abogado, así como la salvaguarda del principio de confianza y la obligación de secreto que rigen la relación abogado-cliente (no en vano ha de tenerse presente que el abogado que se sabe en riesgo de ser castigado penalmente si considera la posibilidad de que su cliente pueda abonar sus honorarios con bienes de origen delictivo dejará de velar exclusivamente por los intereses de su cliente y pasará a considerar los suyos propios, con el menoscabo que ello puede suponer para una defensa con todas las garantías).

En España puede citarse la Sentencia AN 31-5-10, Sala de lo Penal, Sección 2.ª, EDJ 147278: 

         «el pago de honorarios con dinero de origen delictivo al abogado implica un acto de                        transformación del dinero en los servicios profesionales del abogado que no genera por sí                mismo ocultación de su origen ni consolidación de la capacidad económica de quien hace la             entrega, pues el mero pago del servicio, sin la existencia de minutas desproporcionadas o mucho más altas de lo habitual, no supone adquisición, conversión o transformación de bienes, y por tanto, no completa el tipo de blanqueo de capital».

Resulta evidente que la no exclusión en este supuesto (art. 22 de la ley) de las obligaciones de diligencia debida señaladas en el primer guion precedente solo viene determinada por el hecho de que la exclusión va implícita en el tipo de actuación profesional que prevé el propio supuesto, toda vez que al tratarse de una defensa en sede judicial, ya no se encontrará el abogado realizando ninguna de las operaciones previstas en la propia ley como aquellas que reclaman su aplicación y quedan reseñadas respecto a los limites a la confidencialidad.

Cuestión distinta es que, encontrándose el abogado defendiendo a su cliente en sede judicial en asunto que traiga causa de las operaciones a las que se refiere la ley (art. 22 y 2.ñ), le encomiende éste la realización de alguna de dichas operaciones ligadas al asunto judicial en el que le venga defendiendo y que, por tanto, le sometería al cumplimiento de la ley pudiendo entorpecer su buena defensa en sede judicial. Supuesto en el que resulta inevitable, en todo caso, no aceptar tal encargo, pues tendría que asumir respecto del mismo todas las obligaciones previstas en los cuatro guiones precedentes, es decir, de comunicación a la administración, de abstención de asesorar, y de conservación de documentos relevantes para la causa.

Por último, también desde el Consejo de Europa se ha tratado de poner fin al blanqueo de capitales, más concretamente mediante el Acuerdo de Estrasburgo en materia económica delictiva suscrito el 8-11-1990, estableciendo una disposición para confiscar y embargar productos obtenidos en el crimen.
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The principle of contract preservation

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In a globalized world, where international electronic trading and new technologies are becoming the norm over the exception in contract signing, the proliferation of services alike eBay, paypal, twitchtv,  even video games and their online purchase shopts have raised awareness to national and supranational legal systems pursuing a swift in legislation capable of coping with the fast-paced and enormous legal traffic in this context. As a consequence, case law has started to build new doctrine which instead of focusing on voiding or declaring nulity over irregular contracts, are softening and adapting such in order to preserve the contract's core obligations in order to facilitate and improve such legal traffic.

However, that being said, the ineffectiveness of legal transactions are one of the most confusing concepts of private law, as in addition to the doctrine, case law and substantive law have used imprecisely terms of voidable, absence, annullability, invalidity, annulment, termination and resolution of contracts. That being said, it is hardly impossible to build an homogeneous approach to this matter when comparing two different legal systems.

The main effect of nullity is the total lack of effecst of the contract and per se of all the obligations subscribed therein- nullum est quod nullum efectum producit-. In such scenario, once the contract has been declared null, despite complying with the obligations included therein in the mean time, it will be necessary to undo what has been done and proceed to the refund of benefits to both parties. A priori, it is not even required that the contract is declared null by a judge, since it has never existed.

As regards to the annullability, it is an imperfection which does not automatically mean the contract disappears or that it has never existed. The causes and effects are discussed here. What matters is that the voidable contract is effective as long as their disability is not declared by a judge, meaning its obligations had to be undergone and there is no retroactive effect here.

In this sense, it is much more than relevant and useful the effort done by many jurists of different nationalities to have developed uniform standards as relevant as the Vienna Convention on the International Sale of Goods and UNIDROIT, amongst othhers judicial texts which allows maximum support of the principle of contract preservation.
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Planning a Real Estate Due Diligence

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The usefulnes of a Due Diligence varies depending on the kind of operation involved. As a matter of fact, an operation will not include the same level of difficulty when it consists on buying a dwelling house, However, it will be mostly required to be undertaken when looking to acquire a chemical factory in the centre of an industrial park with its own governing rules and community properties, circumstances which must be also analyzed.

In relation to the  operation, we can differentiate four phases:

  • Analyzing the relevance to undertate a Due Diligence
As shown in the example above, it might be a wrong idea to hire a lawyer to decide if your dwelling house comprises with the urbanistic planning of the community where it is located, or if there are pending judicial cases on the asset.

Of course, all this kind of information can be easily found as I already explained in a previous post. However, information relating to its inclusion in a community property, the record of the payments to the community, or the compliance with the urban planning requirements might not be public or obvious to analyze for a non-lawyer.


In order to set the pace of the D.D., and to decide wether or not it is relevant to undertake the legal audit, it is common to write a check list with all the probable encumbrances which could be found regarding the sought operation, and compare if such information can be found easily or if its reserved or hard to analyze.

  • Cirumscribing the framework of the D.D. based on the asset's encumbrances and the number of additional information relevant for the operation from the Real Estate point of view.
In addition to what was previously discused here, it must be understood that most of the times the D.D. overtakes the legal status to include negotiation, understanding between parties, investment opportunities along with a business plan, etc. All must be taken into account when producing the final report statement.
  • Elaboration on the contract or agreement between the parties where encumbrances are dealt as conditions subsequent or conditions precedent.
In order to defend the interests of the buyer, by the hand of including in the contract conditions we will be forcing the seller to fulfil with the legality and aim to build trust between the parties, and most importantly, with the bank which will be financing the deal.



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Spanish legal overview over renewable energies: overriding investors protection legislation

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Approximately 8 years after the "brick crisis" arose       -crisis del ladrillo-, Spain was not able to provide investors with alternative, highly-returning and growing investment opportunities. In a country which mainly depends on the tourist sector, despite ranking third in 2014 just after France and USA in volume of visits, the Spanish struggle to avoid recession caused by the 2008 crisis mainly goes through finding diversification and finding appealing projects to convince investors to come back and keep putting their greens on.

In this context, Spain had the opportunity to look far from bricks and focus on the renewable energy sector, for a number of reasons: firstly, to stop depending on importation of such sources, geopolitically and economically talking; and secondly, to appeal investors by developing a genuine newly regulated market with top prices and without huge competence.

Another disappointment

Spain's first obvious objective was to provide investors with a coherent and protective yet simple and appealing legal framework. Needless to say, that is hardly impossible to achieve in Spain.

Spanish three level administrative political configuration makes it hard for investors to understand to which public bodies they must connect to; yet much harder it is to fulfil with national legislation when the location for the plant is in a autonomous community with a record of numerous confrontative legislation issues with the national law in connection to the  sector of regulation, in this case, renewable energy.

However, investors turned a blind eye when hearing what Spain would provide them with: almost limitless subsidies to start their renewable energy plants, with long returning period of the costs, and with a protected energy cost-production tariff.

Desipite such, the inevitable k.o came after Spanish constitutional court decided to support the national government's knock out to such subsidies on the grounds of economic issues in relation to the recession. If such news left in agonize the sector, the killing strike came after the court ratified to retroactively replace the existing feed-in support for plants in operation with payments, whose form and level were still unclear. 

This means that the Spanish system is currently suspended and no new plants are allowed to enter the scheme. 

This disaster did not only cause international investors to start Arbitration proceedings against Spain claiming their compensation, but further caused the European Comission to formally express in this document the huge mistakes Spain did on the process, stating the fact that this situation could have been easily avoided by following the Comission's guideline published there and finishing by stating a number of sanctions to be expected for Spain.

Probably the worse of all these, and that the Commission points out: "Renewable Energy Sources producers have no certainty regarding remuneration through the support scheme for existing RES power plants", leaving little investors with nothing but a black future with no possibility to claim against Spain since its superior court has ratified the retroactivity of the reforms. 

How can Spain be seen as a country where to invest if legal principles such as international investors protection, rule of law, and constitutional warranties are overridden from one day to another?


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